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AA.ZIP v5.5
This program computes the orbital positions of planetary bodies and performs rigorous coordinate reductions to apparent geocentric and topocentric place (local altitude and azimuth). It also reduces star catalogue positions given in either the FK4 or FK5 system. Most of the algorithms employed are from The Astronomical Almanac (AA) published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.
Source code listings in C language are supplied in the file aa.arc. The file aaexe.arc contains an IBM PC executable version.
Reduction of Celestial Coordinates
aa.exe follows the rigorous algorithms for reduction of celestial coordinates exactly as laid out in current editions of the Astronomical Almanac. The reduction to apparent geocentric place has been checked by a special version of the program (aa200) that takes planetary positions directly from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory DE200 numerical integration of the solar system. The results agree exactly with the Astronomical Almanac tables from 1987 onward (earlier Almanacs used slightly different reduction methods).
Certain computations, such as the correction for nutation, are not given explicitly in the AA but are referenced there. In these cases the program performs the full computations that are used to construct the Almanac tables (see the references at the end of this document).
Running the Program
Command input to aa.exe is by single line responses to programmed prompts. The program requests date, time, and which of a menu of things to do. Menu item 0 is the Sun, 3 is the Moon. The other values 1-9 are planets; 99 opens an orbit catalogue file; 88 opens a star catalogue. Each prompt indicates the last response you entered; this will be kept if you enter just a carriage return.
Input can also be redirected to come from an ASCII file. For example, invoking the program by "aa <command.txt >answer.txt" reads commands from the file command.txt and writes answers to answer.txt. Menu item -1 causes the program to exit gracefully, closing the output file.
Entering line 0 for a star catalogue causes a jump back to the top of the program.
Initialization
The following items will be read in automatically from a disc file named aa.ini, if one is provided. The file contains one ASCII string number per line so is easily edited. A sample initialization file is supplied.
Orbit Computations
Several methods of calculating the positions of the planets have been provided for in the program source code. These range in accuracy from a built-in computation using perturbation formulae to a solution from precise orbital elements that you supply from an almanac.
The program uses as a default a set of trigonometric expansions for the position of the Earth and planets. These have been adjusted to match the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's DE404 Long Ephemeris (1995) with a precision ranging from about 0.1" for the Earth to 1" for Pluto. The adjustment was carried out on the interval from 3000 B.C. to 3000 A.D. for the outer planets. The adjustment for the inner planets is strictly valid only from 1350 B.C. to 3000 A.D., but may be used to 3000 B.C. with some loss of precision. See "readme.404" for additional information. The true accuracy of positions calculated for prehistoric or future dates is of course unknown.
The Moon's position is calculated by a modified version of the lunar theory of Chapront-Touze' and Chapront. This has a precision of 0.5 arc second relative to DE404 for all dates between 1369 B.C. and 3000 A.D. The real position of the Moon in ancient times is not actually known this accurately, due to uncertainty in the tidal acceleration of the Moon's orbit.
In the absence of an interpolated polynomial ephemeris such as the DE200, the highest accuracy for current planetary positions is achieved by using the heliocentric orbital elements that are published in the Astronomical Almanac. If precise orbital elements are provided for the desired epoch then the apparent place should be found to agree very closely with Almanac tabulations.
Entering 99 for the planet number generates a prompt for the name of a file containing human-readable ASCII strings specifying the elements of orbits. The items in the specification are (see also the example file orbit.cat):
First line of entry:
Second line of entry:
Angles in the above are in degrees except as noted. Several sample orbits are supplied in the file orbit.cat. If you read in an orbit named "Earth" the program will install the Earth orbit, then loop back and ask for an orbit number again.
The entry for daily motion is optional. It will be calculated by the program if it is set equal to 0.0 in your catalogue. Almanac values of daily motion recognize the nonzero mass of the orbiting planet; the program's calculation will assume the mass is zero.
Mean distance, for an elliptical orbit, is the length of the semi-major axis of the ellipse. If the eccentricity is given to be 1.0, the orbit is parabolic and the "mean distance" item is taken to be the perihelion distance. Similarly a hyperbolic orbit has eccentricity > 1.0 and "mean distance" is again interpreted to mean perihelion distance. In both these cases, the "epoch" is the perihelion date, and the mean anomaly is set to 0.0 in your catalogue.
Elliptical cometary orbits are usually catalogued in terms of perihelion distance also, but you must convert this to mean distance to be understood by the program. Use the formula
mean distance = perihelion distance / (1 - eccentricity)
to calculate the value to be entered in your catalogue for an elliptical orbit.
The epoch of the orbital elements refers particularly to the date to which the given mean anomaly applies. Published data for comets often give the time of perihelion passage as a calendar date and fraction of a day in Ephemeris Time. To translate this into a Julian date for your catalogue entry, run aa.exe, type in the published date and decimal fraction of a day, and note the displayed Julian date. This is the correct Julian Ephemeris Date of the epoch for your catalogue entry. Example (Sky & Telescope, March 1991, page 297): Comet Levy 1990c had a perihelion date given as 1990 Oct 24.68664 ET. As you are prompted separately for the year, month, and day, enter 1990, 10, 24.68664 into the program. This date and fraction translates to JED 2448189.18664. For comparison purposes, note that published ephemerides for comets usually give astrometric positions, not apparent positions.
Ephemeris Time and Other Time Scales
Exercise care about time scales when comparing results against an almanac. The orbit program assumes input date is Ephemeris Time (ET or TDT). Topocentric altitude and azimuth are calculated from Universal Time (UT). The program converts between the two as required, but you must indicate whether your input entry is TDT or UT. This is done by the entry for input time type in aa.ini. If you are comparing positions against almanac values, you probably want TDT. If you are looking up at the sky, you probably want UT. Ephemeris transit times can be obtained by declaring TDT = UT. The adjustment for deltaT = ET minus UT is accurate for the years 1620 through 2011, as the complete tabulation from the Astronomical Almanac is included in the program. Outside this range of years, approximate formulas are used to estimate deltaT. These formulas are based on analyses of eclipse records going back to ancient times (Stephenson and Houlden, 1986; Borkowski, 1988) but they do not predict future values very accurately. For precise calculations, you should update the table in deltat.c from the current year's Almanac. Note the civil time of day is UTC, which is adjusted by integral leap seconds to be within 0.9 second of UT.
Updated deltaT predictions can be obtained from this network archive: ftp://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/deltat.preds
In addition, the IAU has adopted several other definitions of time, but this program does not distinguish among them. The International Earth Rotation Service is in charge of UT. Precise data on Earth orientation are available at the IERS anonymous ftp site mesiom.obspm.fr.
Rise and Set Times
Each calculation of the time of local rising, meridian transit, and setting includes a first order correction for the motion in right ascension and declination of the object between the entered input time and the time of the event. Even so, the calculation has to be iterated, or repeated with successively closer estimates of the event time. In view of the first order correction the iteration has a second-order convergence characteristic and arrives at a precise result in just two or three steps.
The program reports the transit that is nearest to the input time. Rise and set times ordinarily precede and follow the transit. Check the date displayed next to the rise, set, or transit time to be sure the results are for the desired date and not for the previous or next calendar day. For the Sun and Moon, rise and set times are for the upper limb of the disc; but the indicated topocentric altitude always refers to the center of the disc. The computed event times include the effects of diurnal aberration and parallax.
Age of the Moon, in days from the nearest Quarter, also has a correction for orbital motion, but does not get the benefit of iterative improvement and may be off by 0.1 day (the stated Quarter is always correct, however). The estimated time can be made much more precise by entering the input date and time of day to be near the time of the event. In other words, the rigorous calculation requires iterating on the time; in this case the program does not do so automatically, hence if you want maximum accuracy you must do the iteration by hand.
Ocean Tides
The time of high tide is easy to estimate with an accuracy of a few minutes. The tide occurs slightly ahead of the local meridian transit of the Moon. The time difference between tide and transit does not vary much at a fixed location. You can calibrate this difference for your location by checking the local newspaper for tide times and subtracting off the time of the meridian transit. Then the tides on any other date bear the same time offsets to the transit on that date.
Predicting the height of the tide is much more difficult. The calculations are about as complicated as planetary theory.
Stars
Positions and proper motions of the 57 navigational stars were taken from the Fifth Fundamental Catalogue (FK5). They are in the file star.cat. For all of these, the program's output of astrometric position agreed with the 1986 AA to the precision of the AA tabulation (an arc second). The same is true for 1950 FK4 positions taken from the SAO catalogue. The program agrees to 0.01" with worked examples presented in the AA. Spot checks against Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars confirm the mean place agreement to <0.1". The APFS uses an older nutation series, so direct comparison of apparent place is difficult. The program incorporates the complete IAU Theory of Nutation (1980). Items for the Messier catalogue, messier.cat, are from either the AA or Sky Catalogue 2000.
To compute a star's apparent position, its motion since the catalogue epoch is taken into account as well as the changes due to precession of the equatorial coordinate system. Star catalogue files have the following data structure. Each star entry occupies one line of ASCII characters. Numbers can be in any usual decimal computer format and are separated from each other by one or more spaces. From the beginning of the line, the parameters are
For example, the line
2000 02 31 48.704 89 15 50.72 19.877 -1.52 -17.0 0.0070 2.02 alUMi(Polaris)
has the following interpretation:
Standard abbreviations for 88 constellation names are expanded into spelled-out form (see constel.c). The program accepts two types of catalogue coordinates. If the epoch is given as 1950, the entire entry is interpreted as an FK4 item. The program then automatically converts the data to the FK5 system. All other epochs are interpreted as being in the FK5 system.
Note that catalogue (and AA) star coordinates are referred to the center of the solar system, whereas the program displays the correct geocentric direction of the object. The maximum difference is 0.8" in the case of alpha Centauri.
Corrections Not Implemented
Several adjustments are not included. In general, the Sun is assumed incorrectly to be at the center of the solar system. Since the orbit parameters are heliocentric, the main discrepancy is a tiny change in the annual aberration on the order of 0.01". The difference between TDT and TDB (Terrestrial versus Solar System barycentric time) is ignored. The topocentric correction for polar motion of the Earth is also ignored. If you need these corrections, then you should probably be using the companion program AA200, which reads planetary positions directly from the JPL ephemeris tapes.
Precession
Since adoption of the 1976 IAU precession constant, improved techniques have revealed that a correction of about 0.3" per century is required. This program uses the value recommended by Williams (1994), in part because it is more compatible with ephemerides computed from DE403 or DE404. DE403 values are also used for the obliquity of the equator and the sidereal time.
Software Notes
A C macro __STDC__, if defined nonzero, will get function prototypes from the file protos.h. Some compilers demand the protoypes but do not define __STDC__. Some other compilers do not know what a prototype is. _MSC_VER is used to recognize Microsoft C and insert "far" into some declarations; perhaps other MSDOS compilers would benefit from this too. On a few systems "char" is unsigned by default; that may have a bad effect in the file gplan.c.
Besides aa.c, the main programs conjunct.c and moonrise.c are provided as examples of other ways to use the collection of ephemeris subroutines. Setting the global variable "prtflg" to zero turns off the printouts; thus you can run a calculation and print out whatever you want after it is done.
- Stephen L. Moshier, November, 1987
moshier@na-net.ornl.gov
Version 5.4e: December, 1998
Disc Files
References
Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval Observatory, _Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1986_, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval Observatory, _Almanac for Computers, 1986_, U. S. Government Printing Office
Meeus, Jean, _Astronomical Formulae for Calculators_, 3rd ed., Willmann-Bell, Inc., 1985.
Moulton, F. R., _An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics_, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 1914 (Dover reprint, 1970)
Taff, L. G., _Celestial Mechanics, A Computational Guide for the Practitioner_, Wiley, 1985
Newcomb, S., _Tables of the Four Inner Planets, Astronomical Papers Prepared for the Use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac_, Vol. VI. Bureau of Equipment, Navy Department, Washington, 1898
Lieske, J. H., T. Lederle, W. Fricke, and B. Morando, "Expressions for the Precession Quantities Based upon the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants," Astronomy and Astrophysics 58, 1-16 (1977).
Laskar, J., "Secular terms of classical planetary theories using the results of general theory," Astronomy and Astrophysics 157, 59070 (1986).
Bretagnon, P. and G. Francou, "Planetary theories in rectangular and spherical variables. VSOP87 solutions," Astronomy and Astrophysics 202, 309-315 (1988).
Bretagnon, P. and Simon, J.-L., _Planetary Programs and Tables from -4000 to +2800_, Willmann-Bell, 1986
Seidelmann, P. K., et al., "Summary of 1980 IAU Theory of Nutation (Final Report of the IAU Working Group on Nutation)" in Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVIII A, Reports on Astronomy, P. A. Wayman, ed.; D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1982.
"Nutation and the Earth's Rotation", I.A.U. Symposium No. 78, May, 1977, page 256. I.A.U., 1980.
Woolard, E.W., "A redevelopment of the theory of nutation", The Astronomical Journal, 58, 1-3 (1953).
Morrison, L. V. and F. R. Stephenson, "Sun and Planetary System" vol 96,73 eds. W. Fricke, G. Teleki, Reidel, Dordrecht (1982)
Stephenson, F. R., and M. A. Houlden, _Atlas of Historical Eclipse Maps_, Cambridge U. Press, 1986
Borkowski, K. M., "ELP2000-85 and the Dynamical Time - Universal Time relation," Astronomy and Astrophysics 205, L8-L10 (1988)
M. Chapront-Touze' and J. Chapront, "ELP2000-85: a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times," Astronomy and Astrophysics 190, 342-352 (1988).
S. L. Moshier, "Comparison of a 7000-year lunar ephemeris with analytical theory," Astronomy and Astrophysics 262, 613-616 (1992)
J. Chapront, "Representation of planetary ephemerides by frequency analysis. Application to the five outer planets," Astronomy and Astrophysics Suppl. Ser. 109, 181-192 (1994)
J. L. Simon, P. Bretagnon, J. Chapront, M. Chapront-Touze', G. Francou, and J. Laskar, "Numerical Expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets," Astronomy and Astrophysics 282, 663-683 (1994)
James G. Williams, "Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation," Astronomical Journal 108, 711-724 (1994)
Program by Steve Moshier
moshier@na-net.ornl.gov
Last rev: May, 2000
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Last update: 28 July 2000